Digital Devices in Schools

Abrahamsson, S. (2024). Smartphone bans, student outcomes, and mental health. NHH Department of Economics Discussion Paper 1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4735240 

Andriono, M.A., Curtis, C.J., Block, N., & Prasati, S. (2024). Exploring the effectiveness of mobile learning on early literacy skills of kindergarteners in Indonesia. Journal of Children and Media, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2025.2506488 

Baggio, S., Wade, T., Radunz, M., Galanis, C.R., Billieux, J., Starcevic, V.,…& King, D.L. (2018). Psychological consequences of school mobile phone bans: Emulated trial of a natural experiment in South Australia. Computers in Human Behavior, 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108767 

Barbetta, G.P., Canino, P., & Cima, S. (2023). Let’s tweet again? Social networks and literature achievement in high school students. Education, Finance, and Policy, 18, 676-707. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00363 

Beneito, P., & Vicente-Chirivella, Ó. (2022). Banning mobile phones in schools: Evidence from regional-level policies in Spain. Applied Economic Analysis, 30(90), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEA-05-2021-0112

Böttger, T., & Zierer, K. (2024). To ban or not to ban? A rapid review on the impact of smartphone bans in schools on social wellbeing and academic performance. Education Sciences, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080906 

Campbell, M., Edwards, E.J., Pennell, D., Poed, S., Lister, V., Gillett-Swan, J., Kelly, A., Zec, D., & Nguyen, T.A. (2024). Evidence for and against banning mobile phones in schools: A scoping review. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 34(3), 242-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/20556365241270394

Cakirpaloglu, S., Cech, T., Maléřová, M., & Adámková, H. (2020). The effect of mobile phone ban in schools on the evaluation of classroom climate. 12th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. https://library.iated.org/view/DOBESOVACAKIRPALOGLU2020EFF?re=downloadnotallowed 

Center for Democracy & Technology. (2021). Student activity monitoring software. Center for Democracy & Technology. https://cdt.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Student-Activity-Monitoring-Software-Research-Insights-and-Recommendations.pdf 

Cherif, K.M., Bendania, A., & Djaballah, S. (2024). The teachers’ ban or permission of smartphone use in Algerian secondary school classrooms. Educational Dimension, 11, 176-192 

Cross, A. (2024). UConn study examines benefits of school phone bans. Center for Digital Education. https://www.govtech.com/education/uconn-study-examines-benefits-of-school-phone-bans 

Gajdics, J., & Jagodics, B. (2022). Mobile phones in schools: With or without you? Comparison of students’ anxiety level and class engagement after regular and mobile-free school days. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 27(4), 1095-1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-021-09539-w 

Hall, C., Lundin, M., Sibbmark, K. (2019). A laptop for every child? The impact of ICT on educational outcomes. Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy. https://www.ifau.se/globalassets/pdf/se/2019/wp-2019-26-a-laptop-for-every-child-the-impact-of-ict-on-educational-outcomes.pdf 

Harper, B., & Milman, N.B. (2016). One-to-one technology in K-12 classrooms: A review of the literature from 2004 through 2014. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48, 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2016.1146564 

Kelso, E., Soneji, A., Navid, S.Z., Soshitaishvili, Y., Rahaman, S., & Hasan, R. (2025). Investigating the security & privacy risks from unsanctioned technology use by educators. Education Technology Acquisition Practices. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.16739 

King, D.L., Radunz, M., Galanis, C.R., Quinney, B., & Wade, T. (2024). “Phones off while school’s on”: Evaluating problematic phone use and the social, wellbeing, and academic effects of banning phones in schools. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 13(4), 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2024.00058

Kopecký, K., Fernández-Martin, F.D., Szotkowski, R., Gómez-García, G., & Mikulcová, K. (2021). Behavior of children and adolescents and the use of mobile phones in primary schools in the Czech Republic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18168352 

Kuznekoff, J.H., & Titsworth, S. (2013). The impact of mobile phone usage on student learning. Communication Education, 62, 233-252. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03634523.2013.767917 

Mecom, K., & Lehtinen-Vela, A. (2024). Teacher survey: Cell phone bans lead to safer environment and more learning time. Study.com. https://teachinglicense.study.com/featured-insights/mobile-bans-increase-engagement-and-learning-time.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com 

National Education Association. (2024). Take cellphones out of the classroom, Educators say. NEA Today. https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/take-cellphones-out-classroom-educators-say

Netland, T., von Dzengelevski, O., Tesch, K., & Kwasnitschka, D. (2025). Comparing human-made and AI-generated teaching videos: An experimental study on learning effects. Computers & Education, 224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105164 

New South Wales Department of Education. (2024). Mobile ban improves learning, concentration and socialisation. New South Wales Department of Education. https://education.nsw.gov.au/news/latest-news/mobile-phone-ban-improves-learning–concentration-and-socialisat 

Nyberg, G., Ekblom, O., Kjellenberg, K., Wang, R., Larsson, H., Jakobsson, B.T., & Helgadóttir, B. (2021). Association between the school environment and physical activity pattern during school time in Swedish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910239 

O’Daffer, A., Liu, W., & Bloss, C.S. (2025). School-based online surveillance of youth: Systematic search and content analysis of surveillance company websites. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27. https://www.jmir.org/2025/1/e71998/ 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/05/managing-screen-time_023f2390/7c225af4-en.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com 

Rahali, M., Kidron, B., & Livingstone, S. (2024). Smartphone policies in schools: What does the evidence say? Digital Futures for Children. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/125554/1/Smartphone_policies_in_schools_Rahali_et_al_2024_002_.pdf 

Randolph, D., & Liu, L. (2022). Comparing middle school student learning outcomes from in-person, online, and hybrid instructions: A consideration of learning engagement during a pandemic. International Journal of Technology and Learning, 18, 46-65. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1397759.pdf

South Australian Department of Education. (2025). Behavior improves as a result of mobile phone ban. South Australian Department of Education. https://www.education.sa.gov.au/department/media-centre/our-news/behaviour-improves-as-a-result-of-mobile-phone-ban 

UNESCO. (2023). Technology in education: A tool on whose terms? Global Education Monitoring Report. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385723/PDF/385723eng.pdf.multi 

Webster, T.E., & Paquette, J. (2023). “My other hand”: The central role of smartphones and SNSs in Korean students’ lives and studies. Computers in Human Behavior, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107447 

Yeung, K.L., Carpenter, S.K., & Corral, D. (2021). A comprehensive review of educational technology on objective learning outcomes in academic contexts. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 1583-1630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09592-4